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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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In situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of Copper Electrodeposition
- F. M. Ross, M. J. Williamson, R. M. Tromp, R. Hull, P. M. Vereecken
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- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 8 / Issue S02 / August 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 August 2002, pp. 420-421
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- August 2002
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Quantitative Experimental Determination of The Effect of Dislocation - Dislocation Interactions on Strain Relaxation in Lattice Mismatched Heterostructures
- E. A. Stach, R. Hull, R. M. Tromp, F. M. ROSS, M. C. Reuter, J. C. Bean
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 535 / 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 15
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- 1998
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We present real time observations of the interaction of dislocations in heteroepitaxial strained layers using a specially modified ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscope equipped with in-situ deposition capabilities. These observations have led to delineation of the regime of epilayer thickness and composition where dislocation interactions result in blocking of the propagating threading segment. It is found that both the blocking probability as well as the magnitude of the dislocation interaction force are strongly dependent on the Burgers vectors of the dislocations involved, with the greatest effects observed when the Burgers vectors of the two dislocations are parallel with respect to each other. Frame-by-frame analysis of the motion of the dislocation threading segment during interaction is used to extract the magnitude of the interaction stresses as a function of both the level of heteroepitaxial strain and the dislocation geometry. Finally, by continuing growth following observations of blocking during annealing, we find that blocked dislocations are likely to remain in that configuration until substantial additional heteroepitaxial stresses are incorporated into the layer. These results have direct relevance to the successful integration of strained layer heterostructures into electronic device applications. This is because blocked threading segments result in the introduction of undesired band gap states, enhance impurity diffusion, modify surface morphology and act to limit the dislocation density reductions achievable in graded buffer structures.
Step Contours in the Development of Periodically Modulated Vicinal Surfaces
- S. Tanaka, C. C. Umbach, J. M. Blakely, R. M. Tromp, M. Mankos
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 440 / 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 25
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- 1996
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The connection between the atomic step distributions and decay modes of modulated surfaces is the focus of this paper. We have examined the arrangements of atomic steps on real 1- and 2-D periodic structures by scanning tunneling microscopy(STM) and low energy electron microscopy(LEEM) and have followed their development at temperature by LEEM. The steps present on the surface due to small ‘miscuts’ from exact singular planes can have major effects on both the mechanisms of shape development and the actual shapes that result. Major differences exist in the modes of development between 1- and 2-D periodic step arrays. Some of these observations have led us to a method for producing arrays of step-free Si(001) regions that may have application in device processing.
Si(001) Homoepitaxial Growth
- R. M. Tromp, W. Theis, N. C. Bartelt
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 404 / 1995
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- 15 February 2011, 107
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- 1995
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Epitaxial growth is generally treated as a far-from-equilibrium process, dominated by kinetic restraints rather than thermodynamic driving forces. In this paper we show that homoepitaxial growth, at temperatures exceeding ∼500°C, is a process that can be approached very well from a thermodynamic equilibrium viewpoint, augmented with classical homogeneous nucleation theory.
Beem and UHV-TEM Studies of PtSi/Si(001)
- K. L. Kavanagh, B. A. Morgan, A. A. Talin, K. M. Ring, R. S. Williams, M. C. Reuter, R. M. Tromp
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 402 / 1995
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- 15 February 2011, 461
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- 1995
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Recent work using ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) and ultra-high vacuum transmission electron microscopy (UHV-TEM) to study structure-property correlations of PtSi/Si(001) contacts is described. The spatial uniformity of the Schottky barrier height (SBH) for diodes grown at room temperature and 350°C was compared with the interface microstructure using TEM. Narrow SBH distributions with standard deviations of 7–12 meV were obtained independent of the deposition system and temperature. Analysis of the distributions compared well with standard current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements on the same diode. These low temperature depositions produced fine grained PtSi films (10–20 nm) with an interface roughness dependent on the cleaning process. Probable orientation effects on the SBH distribution were apparently screened out because of the low doping of the substrates that were used. As the deposition temperature is increased the PtSi tends towards polycrystalline epitaxy with island growth beginning at 700°C. Grains are rectangular and develop a large shape anisotropy of great interest for future investigations.
Atomistic Aspects of Silicide Reactions Studied with STM
- P. A. Bennett, S. A. Parikh, M. Y. Lee, David G. Cahill, M. Copel, R. M. Tromp
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 320 / 1993
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 September 2012, 239
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- 1993
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We discuss atomistic aspects of the silicide contact reaction inferred primarily from STM observations of the prototype system Co/Si(1 11). For room temperature deposition and low coverage (0.01M1) we find that metal atoms exist as near-surface interstitials within the 7×7 reconstruction. Bond breaking associated with silicide formation occurs only at higher coverages. Deposition at 320C results in flat-topped triangular islands of epitaxial CoSi2 with a metastable 7-fold (111) interface, stabilized by the lateral silicon-silicide interface along the island edges. Some islands are covered with a 2×2 array of silicon adatoms. Very high temperature annealing (1200C) results in an “impurity stabilized 1×1” surface which is in fact a lattice gas of ring-clusters that appear like tiny donuts or bagels in empty states STM images. These structures phase-separate from the clean 7×7 structure upon cooling below 850C.
Low Energy Electron Microscopy
- R. M. Tromp, M. C. Reuter
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 237 / 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 February 2011, 349
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- 1991
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- We have designed and built a Low Energy Electron Microscope for surface and interface studies in Ultra High Vacuum. In this paper we present major features of the design, and some of our results on surfactant mediated Ge growth on Si(001).
Structure Determination of the Si(111)-CaF2 Interface
- R. M. Tromp, W. Krakow, F.K. LeGoues
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 139 / 1989
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 February 2011, 141
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- 1989
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The structure of the Si(111)-CaF2 interface has been determined with Medium Energy Ion Scattering and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. Methods to determine this interface structure with HRTEM are discussed.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Surfaces
- J. E. Demuth, R. J. Hamers, R. M. Tromp
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 77 / 1986
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 February 2011, 1
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- 1986
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The principles of scanning tunneling microscopy and its application to study silicon surfaces are briefly reviewed. Scanning tunneling microscopy “topographs” contain both geometric information about the locations of atoms at the surface as well as about the charge densities of surface localized states. We describe procedures by which these two components can be distinguished so as to produce images of the surface electronic states with atomic resolution. This ability to spatially resolve the surface electronic structure provides new information to understand the local structure and nature of bonding, and in some cases can be used as a means to chemically image specific features of the surface.
Anisotropic Dry Etching of S1O2 on Si and its Impact on Surface and Near-Surface Properties of the Substrate.
- G. S. Oehrlein, G. J. Coyle, J. C. Tsang, R. M. Tromp, J. G. Clabes, Y. H. Lee
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 68 / 1986
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 February 2011, 367
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- 1986
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In the present paper structural and chemical changes which can occur in the surface and near-surface properties of the substrate during anisotropic dry etching of SiO2 on Si will be reviewed.Silicon specimens which had been etched in CF4/X%H2 (X≤40) have been characterized by X-ray photoelectron emission spectroscopy, He ion channeling, H profiling and Raman scattering techniques.Key results of our studies are summarized as follows: Plasma exposure of a Si surface leads to the deposition of a thin (≤50Å thick) C,F-film.A Si-carbide containing Si region is formed during RIE which is localized near the fluorocarbon-film/Si interface.The near-surface region (∼30–50Å) of the Si substrate is also heavily disordered as found by ion channeling and Raman scattering.A modified, less damaged Si region has been found in the case of hydrogen-based etching gases, which extends from about 30–50Å from the surface to a depth in extent of 250Å and contains a high concentration (∼ 5 at.%) of H as shown by hydrogen profiling techniques.From the observation of Si-H and Si-H2 vibrational modes by Raman scattering it has been shown that some of the H is bonded to the Si lattice.
Evidence for Island Growth on Deposition of Silver Onto Si(111)7 × 7 at Room Temperature
- E. J. Van Loenen, M. Iwami, R. M. Tromp, J. F. Van Der Veen, F. W. Saris
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 18 / 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 9
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- 1982
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The growth process of silver deposited onto the Si(111) 7 × 7 surface at room temperature was studied with medium energy ion scattering in combination with channelling. Coverages studied were in the range 0−8 × 1015 Ag atoms cm−2. The measurements show that silver forms three-dimensional islands. Although incorporation of small amounts of silicon in the silver islands (less than 8 × 10−4 Si atoms cm−2) cannot be excluded, no evidence was found for mixing between silver and silicon or for silicide formation.
Ion Beam Crystallography of Metal-Silicon Interfaces: Pd-Si(111)
- R. Tromp, E. J. Van Loenen, M. Iwami, R. Smeenk, F. W. Saris
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 10 / 1981
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 155
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- 1981
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The application of medium energy ion scattering in combination with channelling and blocking to the study of the initial stages of palladium siuicide formation is discussed. After a brief description of the experimental arrangement and method, the effects on the Rutherford backscattering spectra of depositing small quantities of palladium on clean Si(111) are reported. The uniformity and thermal stability of thin palladium silicide films grown at room temperature were measured. Finally, channelling and blocking results were used to carry out a structural analysis of thin epitaxial Pd2Si layers.